Collections : [University of Michigan William L. Clements Library]

This collection consists of two matching scrapbooks produced between 1885 and 1893 relating to the trick-cycling career of The Alden Brothers, a two-man team and vaudeville act. Items include contracts, playbills, photographs, clippings, menus, printed cards and invitations, programs (including some printed on silk), business cards, membership certificates, broadsides, and other memorabilia.

This collection consists of two matching scrapbooks produced between 1885 and 1893, relating to the trick-cycling career of The Alden Brothers, a two-man team and vaudeville act. Items include contracts, playbills, photographs, clippings, menus, printed cards and invitations, programs (including some printed on silk), business cards, membership certificates, broadsides, and other memorabilia.

Also present in the collection are letterpress broadsides which feature images of the Aldens performing a cycling trick and a letter from ascensionist Achille Philion.

Correspondence and documents related to Vaux's support of the colonists in the Revolutionary War, his business interests, and his efforts to relocate to Canada.

The Charles Grant, vicomte de Vaux papers are composed of 8 unbound letters and 2 volumes containing correspondence, notes, and other writings. A total of 32 items that had been laid into the front of the volumes have been removed to their own folders.

The Unbound Correspondence series contains letters spanning May 8, 1778, to April 26, 1779, and primarily concerns Vaux's activities during the American Revolution, including his attempt to send aid to the colonies on the ship Comtesse de Brionne (May 8, 1778). A letter from June 1778 pertains to permission obtained from congress to arm a ship. Several other letters deal with Vaux's naval pursuits and contain news of the trans-Atlantic shipping business.

The Bound Volumes and Removed Items series contains two bound volumes of manuscripts, as well as the loose documents originally laid into the volumes, now arranged chronologically into folders. Materials in the series span approximately 1756-1805, though much of the material is undated.

Volume 1 contains correspondence, drafts, and documents, primarily dating from the period during which Vaux resided in Great Britain to escape the French Revolution. The items relate mainly to Vaux's attempts to organize a military regiment and to his efforts to settle in Canada. One undated document, entitled "State of the case of Charles Grant Viscount de Vaux in Great Britain," documents Vaux's life and history, and relates to his ancestry, birth, exile from France, attempts to build a military career in Britain, and literary works ([n.d.]; Folder 2). Vaux and his supporters' attempts to secure a military post or some other means for him to settle in Canada are a constant theme throughout. Also of interest are several letters that contain information on Vaux's son, Romain Grant, who remained in France when Vaux fled and was arrested attempting to travel to London without a passport (pp. 17-21).

Volume 2 primarily contains essays related to travel and notes on regions outside of France, such as Mauritius and the Americas. Included is a journal titled "Journal du voyage de Louis-Charles Grant de Vaux . . . lorsqu'il revenoit de l'isle Maurice en France en 1758" (Travel Journal of Louis-Charles Grant de Vaux. . .when returning from the island Mauritius in France in 1758). The journal begins on page 73 of the volume. Also included is the essay "Amerique ou Nouveau Monde," which contains an account of the history of the Americas from its discovery by Columbus in 1492, with descriptions of different regions such as Virginia, California, Nantucket, and the West Indies (begins on p. 25). The loose items include letters and notes related to the American Revolution and Canadian settlement. Of particular interest is "Memoire au congrés ameriquain," a draft of a letter to the American Congress describing vessels Vaux lost off the coast of America during the Revolution, and asking for some land in Ohio and Connecticut as recompense for his losses (1782).

Charles H. F. Daigneault, a teenager in Hudson, New Hampshire, filled this pre-printed account ledger with pencil, pen, and ink drawings between 1904 and 1905 (mostly dated February 1904). The volume had been used sparsely by Ren W. Philbrick as early as 1901; between 1903 and 1905, Ren and possibly other Philbricks contributed a small number of drawings. Daigneault's illustrations feature the Philbricks' "Deer Field Farm," the Hudson schoolhouse, vehicles and transportation, caricatures and anthropomorphic animals, decorative patterns, clothing (uniforms, stockings, garters, shoes, hats, etc.), people and faces, Masonic symbolism and imagery, astrological and horoscope content, mystical and occult symbolism, sideshow performers, museum objects and oddities, American Civil War scenes, historical and mythological torture devices, the use of torture by religious groups, and much else.

Charles H. F. Daigneault, a teenager in Hudson, New Hampshire, filled this pre-printed account ledger with pencil, pen, and ink drawings between 1904 and 1905 (mostly dated February 1904). The volume had been used sparsely by Ren W. Philbrick as early as 1901; between 1903 and 1905, Ren and possibly other Philbricks contributed a small number of drawings.

Daigneault's drawings feature the Philbricks' "Deer Field Farm," the Hudson schoolhouse, vehicles and transportation, caricatures and anthropomorphic animals, decorative patterns, clothing (uniforms, stockings, garters, shoes, hats, etc.), people and faces, Masonic symbolism and imagery, astrological and horoscope content, mystical and occult symbolism, sideshow performers, museum objects and oddities, American Civil War scenes, historical and mythological torture devices, the use of torture by religious groups, and much else.

Charles Dagneault drew pictures of vehicles and transportation, including a view of an electric railroad car full of passengers (page 57), a train engine and part of a coal car with a man shoveling coal (page 69), a rough drawing of a ship looking vaguely like the Merrimack (page 67), a whaling ship beside a whale (page 130), and a U.S. Navy ship (page 66). Daigneault also contributed drawings of horse drawn fire engines, which he labeled "Philbrick Fire Dep. 1904"/"Boston Fire Engine No. 4" (page 49), "Philbrick Fire Dep."/"Chemical No. 1" (page 53), and "Philbrick Fire Dep." (with a row of firefighter helmets and buckets, page 55). In addition to the fire engines, Daigneault made a drawing of fire company hats/helmets, titled "Styles Fire Dept U.S.A." and labeled by years 1811-1850; 1850-1860; 1860; and "First in America Penna"/"Hibernia Philla" (page 88).

Caricatures, full length portraits, busts, faces, limbs, feet, hands, and profiles of humans and anthropomorphic animals are found throughout the volume. Among the caricatures are an "American Schoolteacher" (page 64), "Jewish Junk dealer" (page 58), a cricket player (page 46), and military and police figures. Daigneault drew a number of women's legs in stockings, heeled shoes, and garters. He drew a buttocks in the shape of an upside-down heart with an eye in the middle (page 52) as well as a group of seven overlapping profiles of faces, marked "The Know-alls" (page 59).

The most prevalent imagery in the volume is Masonic symbolism, decorative and sigil-like illustrations, occult and mystical content, horoscope content, and related visuals. Squares and compasses, Eyes of Providence, crosses and cross pattée, five-eight pointed stars, a Masonic owl, ornate swords, hearts, and more. Many of these are doodled onto pages, but others are the subjects of drawings. A few of the latter include:

• Slightly curved sword with a loopguard and small tassel. Marked "NEVER DRAW me without Cause or Sheath me in Dishonor Sword owned By C. H. F. Daigneault New, Hampshire N H 1904" (page 48)
• An ornate sword with a loopguard and quillion over crossed dirk and hand-axe. The sword and hand-axe bear a symbol of a cross atop a sun cross atop a heart. Marked "C. H. F. D 1904 -- Feb --" (page 52)
• An owl decorated with Masonic symbols, "HOOT-HOOT, HOOT" (page 62)
• A page containing a variety of text and images pertinent to Freemasonry. "3. Points." The name "Peter. Denn" is underlined with a sword and followed by the three points/dots (top dot filled, lower dots not filled). List including "Malice & Revenge" and "Vibration." Other text includes "Moses -- [eye drawing] -- was (a (murderer --" and "Call off your dogs." Drawing of three steps/degrees and a "Holy Bible F.A.M. (Chart)" book atop a podium; sword on top of the book; cross bookmark; E-W arrow and skull and crossbones beside a candelabra with three candles. At the bottom of the page is the text "Apprentice" "Led To the Light" "IV.K.D." (page 100)
• A page containing a variety of text and images pertinent to Freemasonry. "4. Points." Drawing of a goat with square and compass, a triangle with an eye in the middle labeled "DONT LOSE ME CHARLEY." Arm with square and compass, holding a snake. Two hearts. "The Bluff and Poker Game." Marked "C H. F D 1904." "5.P." "What is the Sharpest Lance of a F.A.M." followed by a triangle made up of nine dots. At the bottom of page is a drawing of a Chi Rho cross. Above it the words "Phallic worship" and beside "S.P.O.R.", "I.H.S.", "K.M.", "Past Meridian", "P.G.M.", and "C.H.F.D." (page 101)

The volume contains two sections of numbered illustrations. One is a gallery of sideshow performers and oddities/curiosity museum objects and animals (pages 110-119) and the other is a gallery of mystical, occult, historical, and mythological religious practices/symbols, many of them violent, including torture devices (pages 134-139).

Numbered gallery of illustrations (1): Sideshow performers and oddities/curiosity museum objects and animals--many of which are noted "musee," "C. H. Daigneault museum," or "Bunker Hill museum."

• Unnamed "Simesse [Siamese] Twins" (men connected at the chest area, page 110)
• Millie Christine McCoy (Carolina Twins, page 111)
• "Sir Taemoto" shown reclining with very large feet (page 111)
• "Tivery Skelington / dean Barton / Born France" of a very thin man wearing a French military helmet and epaulettes and carrying a sword (page 112)
• "Elephant Boy" / "Born In England" (page 113)
• An animal that appears to be a bipedal anteater with a rat-like tail and sharp teeth beside a tree; a man running away in the background. "France / woods / Distroyed / Houses / People / Village." (page 113)
• "The Warf Twins 1620" (two seated figures connected at the shoulder or neck, page 114)
• Two-headed calf with the label "2-Headed Calf / Thomas Jefferson / C. H. Daigneault museum / Bunker Hill / museum / 1875" (page 114)
• Two mermaids facing each other, with the label "Mermaides / Ollalu)=olu= / at C. H. D. museum 1875" (page 115)
• Raccoon, with the label "Largest -- Racoon Ever / Caught / at Bunkehill museum / owned By C.H.D. / Proptier" (page 115)
• "A Fine Turtle -- From U.S.S. / old Kersarge" with a drawing of a turtle; on its shell is the text "at C.H.D / Museum / -(1859)- / 1875" (page 116)
• Cannonball broken in half with the year "1861" written on it; "-1875- / First. Second Shell Fired / Into Fort Sumpter / Presented To C H. F. D / Museum" (page 116)
• Long straight pipe, with the text "1875 musee / -Chinese pipes-" (page 116)
• "Musee / Fat Woman / <-580 Pounds- / Madme Waldon," a woman wearing a crown and holding a mirror, wearing a dress, with a heart tattoo on her arm (or heart on an armband) (page 117)
• A horse standing on its rear legs, "alive / Born without Fore legs." To the left is a small drawing of a walled tent "CHFD / W.F." on the roof; with text "Show Run / Union / Haymarket / Square / (C H F. D) / W. (Bill Friend)" (page 118)
• Drawing of a very tall thin man with a tall, pointed hat and carrying what looks like a sheathed sword. In a word bubble the man says, "See all In this Book -- PAY 5c For the Boyes BANK". Next to him is a standing sword swallower, with a sword mostly ingested (page 119)
• Not part of this numbered sequence of drawings, but related content: "Rooster / Born with / 5 Legs - / at / Roxton / Pond / Canada / East." "C H F D / $5.00" (page 128)

Numbered gallery of illustrations (2): Mystical, occult, historical, and mythological religious scenes and practices:

• Elaborate drawing of Moses standing in front an altar, around which are four winged human angels with trumpets. A six-pointed star marked "VENUS" shines down on the altar. The altar has a lit menorah on it, beside skull and crossbones. The symbols on the altar include a snake, a royal crown, crossed shepherd staffs, crescent moon and six-pointed stars, a manicule pointing at a sun and triangle. The Moses figure is wearing a garment covered in similar symbols and is reading a scroll with similar symbols on it. The Moses figure is standing on a snake. "Law / Giver / Moses / In / 7th veil / of The / Temple". The title of the drawing appears to be "No. 3. anchent mode worship / Seeing 4 Holy Angles-" "C H F. D 1904" (page 134)
• Kneeling man at an altar, holding up a sun toward a large sun shining down on him. A pot on the altar emits smoke. The title of the drawing appears to be "2d. Religious worship -- of world" or "worship of The Sun / The Dural Sign." Two rebuses are present on the page. (page 135)
• Drawing of two priest-like figures standing over a person laying on an altar. One carries a staff with a dragon, serpent, or chicken head and wings on it. The other carries a sword dripping with blood and the heart he has cut from the person laying on the altar. The altar has a serpent, six-pointed stars, crescent moons, and other symbols on it. "No 4 / Religion / Mexico / Virgin / Mexico / Temple" (page 136)
• Drawing of a wicker man and moon. "No. 5. / Religion / The Wicker / Man / Yew-Tree / Moon / In Line / Druids / in / England / Inocent / Virgins / Boyes / men / &c / Burned / In / Wicker / Man" (page 137)
• Drawing of a disemboweled man nailed upside-down on a board/rack. "No 6" "The Inquisition / The State Inquisition / & Religions." To the right is a drawing of a person being on a spit over a fire, being turned by an unseen figure. "No. 7. The Zoroaster order." Cross pattée. (page 138)
• "Mans Humanity." Drawing of two men in hats, one heating lead over a furnace and the other pouring "hot lead" onto the body of a tied victim. "No 8 Inquisition." A cross pattée. Below is a drawing of a person hung by their thumbs with a weight tied to their ankles "No. 9. Inquisition" "Thumbs Torture." Beside is an eye of Providence and a cross pattée with an arrow pointing to the rope/thumbs. To the right is a drawing of an iron maiden and a person about to be placed into it. The bottom of the iron maiden has a rotating blade, and a tunnel below has drawings of rectangles and triangles marked "chop up." (page 139)

Other selected content includes:

• A Punch or Rumpelstiltskin type figure with a tall, pointed hat and a devil on his nose, holding a baby in its arms (page 42)
• Drawing of a bird with a long and segmented neck, stork-like legs, and a raptor beak: "A HARTEPOCHNIA of MYTH AGE" (page 109). Another drawing of the same bird, standing by eggs that are being stalked by a rat, has a speech bubble reading "Say Rats" (page 92)
• Crescent moon and six-pointed star "(Kismet) means Fate." Beneath is a full length drawing of a man wearing a fez (which has a crescent moon and six-pointed star on it), what looks like a Hussar pelisse (with sword and six pointed star on it), sword and gun through waist belts, carrying a spear, with garter socks, a kilt-looking bottom and lettings bearing a flower (page 104)
• Horoscopes by "Prof. Daigneault" for members of the Philbrick family, with additional notes on clairvoyancy/mesmerism/hypnotism (pages 122-127)
• Recipe for pickled cucumbers [pickles] (page 127)

In the 1870s and 1880s Charles H. Lund of Nashua, New Hampshire, compiled this collection of letters, documents, essays and other writings (including a manuscript newspaper), artwork, and miscellaneous printed items relating to his education, social life, and participation in the Nashua City Guards. The collection is accompanied by the original album in which Lund housed them.

In the 1870s and 1880s Charles H. Lund of Nashua, New Hampshire, compiled this collection of letters, documents, essays and other writings, artwork, and miscellaneous printed items relating to his education, social life, and participation in the Nashua City Guards. The collection is accompanied by the original file which housed them.

The Correspondence Series consists of eleven letters, ten of which are addressed to Charles H. Lund. The bulk appear to have been written by former schoolmates and commented in some fashion on education. One was likely written by one of his teachers. A handful of others relate to politics, railroads, agriculture, and the Nashua City Guards.

The Documents Series consists of miscellaneous items relating to Lund's education, including report cards for Charles and Marcus Lund, a reward of merit, and notices for readings from the Taming of the Shrew. The series also contains a receipt for payment to the Nashua City Guards, a document relating to payment for use of the patented "Richardson's Centennial Gate," and a handmade advertisement for Charles Lund's "Crosses Cut to Order."

The Writings Series includes school essays and compositions on topics like American history and the causes of the American Revolution, the seasons, the last day of school, railroads, "A Kiss in School," secret societies, Edmund Burke, and others. Lund annotated one essay from 1870 with the message, "First Composition and a poor one too." The verso of an undated essay entitled "Railroads" includes a manuscript drawing of a school desk along with diagrams of how the interior was organized. A manuscript newspaper, "The Star," was dated March 17, 1887, and proclaimed itself "The leading grange paper in Nashua. Is adapted to the farmer, the mechanic, the business and professional man." It features poetry, jokes and riddles, advertisements, and articles relating to farming, religion, cities, manhood, and other topics. Two poems are also present in the series.

The Original Artwork Series includes calling cards for Charles H. Lund and several of his acquaintances, featuring manuscript drawings of birds, flora, and calligraphic embellishments. Other drawings in the series include pencil illustrations of flowers, a bicycle, a train engine, dogs, Charles Lund's initials done in colored pencil with graphic elements added, and a pencil and colored pencil rendering of the Lund homestead, showing the main residence and outbuildings.

The Printed Materials Series consists of programs, two catalogs for the Nashua Literary Institution, a printed calling card for Lund, a menu for the Profile House, and a newspaper clipping of a government bond.

The album in which the collection was originally housed is located at the back of the box.

The Charles H. Marias photograph album contains approximately 162 images documenting a Portland-based Y.M.C.A. group's travels around Oregon including visits to the Klamath Agency.

The Charles H. Marias photograph album contains approximately 162 images documenting a Portland-based Y.M.C.A. group's travels around Oregon including visits to the Klamath Agency.

The album (18 x 28 cm) has black cloth covers and black paper pages. The majority of images have handwritten captions, many of which are extensively detailed in identifying locations, dates, and people represented. Besides the album's compiler Charles H. Marias, numerous other individuals (many of whom were also members of the Y.M.C.A. Portland excursion group) are identified including Rex B. Parelius, Lyndon Street, Lewis Hauglum, Clarence H. Prehn, Bill Blumenscheim, Emerson Harley, Amandus Pfaender, A. M. Grilley, William W. Belcher, Jim Arbuthnot, George Sebben, Fred Nelson, and Judge G. T. Baldwin. Also of note are identified Native American individuals including Joe Scott, George Pitt, Jack Pitt, Charles Pitt, and Clayton Kirk. While Marias is presumed to have likely taken the majority of snapshots included in this album, several other excursion group members are also credited as photographers in various captions.

Images of interest include views of salmon hatchery operations (including Native American laborers and fishermen); a group of excursion members playing the card game "Pedro"; Native American man Joe Scott (possibly a member of the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation) posing with his twin sons as well as cow punching gear; landscape photographs of natural features including the Salmon River, Sandy River, Baldy Butte, Bear Creek, Rogue River, Mill Creek Falls, Crater Lake, Wizard Island, Mt. Hood, Mt. Pelican, and Mt. McLoughlin; hiking and camping-related expedition photographs; a humorous staged photograph of a mock stagecoach robbery; numerous views of abandoned log cabins previously occupied by early white settlers in the region; a view of the log cabin at which the assassination of Gen. Edward Canby occurred during the Modoc War of 1873; views from the Klamath Indian Reservation including a portrait of Bill Blumenscheim posing with an older Klamath woman making baskets for sale as well as a set of views related to the humorous treatment of a newlywed couple; views of the river boat Curlew and steamboat Winema; a snapshot of a streetcar captioned "The only car in Klamath Falls"; various scenes in Medford, Oregon; and a professionally produced group portrait of the Y.M.C.A. Portland excursion group posing with three automobiles and a small dog who appears to have accompanied the group on their travels.

Of particular note are voting-related scenes from the Klamath Indian Reservation including several images with captions variously stating "Indian cayuses at Klamath Reservation on the day of the first election ever held by the Indians," "Klamath Indians about to cast their first vote. Election of Council-men. This was done so as to avoid the troublesome 'Pow-Pows' when their affairs were to be settled," and "At the election (No the squaws didn't vote)."

The Townshend papers included the private and public records of Charles Townshend who served in various positions in the government of Great Britain including as Secretary of War during the Seven Years War and as Chancellor of the Exchequer where he authored the Townshend Acts to tax the American colonies.

The Townshend papers contain approximately 2,600 items, including letters, documents, accounts, and printed matter relating to the public life and activities of Charles Townshend, gathered largely during the last period of his career. The collection is an extremely valuable resource for study of British commercial and mercantile policy in the 1760s, administrative perspectives on the mounting crisis in the North American colonies, and the inner workings of British political life. The papers reflect Townshend's serious research efforts in his role as policymaker; much of the collection consists of documents that he gathered for his own information on legal cases, British politics, financial and treasury matters, and affairs in North America, the West Indies, and Africa. Also present is a small amount of incoming and outgoing correspondence and an assortment of memoranda and speech drafts by Townshend. The collection spans 1660-1804, but the bulk centers around the 1750s and 1760s, when Townshend held an appointment on the Board of Trade and Plantations (1748-1754) and served as Lord of the Admiralty (1754), Secretary-at-War (1762-1763), President of the Board of Trade (1763-1765), Paymaster General (1765-1766) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1766-1767). The collection was originally arranged by Charles Townshend into numerous bundles marked with wrappers. This original order has largely been maintained and hence, document types and topics are scattered across the collection. One volume of letters sent from Charles Townshend to Dr. Richard Brocklesby (1722-1797) was acquired separately and was formerly a part of Thomas Phillipps library as Ms 15648.

See "Additional Descriptive Data" for a partial subject index of the papers as well as a list of printed matter in the collection.

Correspondence

A moderate amount of Townshend's incoming and outgoing correspondence is located throughout the collection. This includes contemporary copies of his letters to and from William Barrington and Thomas Gage relating to the War Office during his time as Secretary-at-War (Box 8/ Bundle 2), numerous incoming letters concerning patronage and requesting favors (8/3/A), and correspondence between Townshend and John Morton concerning politics and happenings in the House of Commons in 1764-1766 (8/37). Also present are a series of letters written from the Mediterranean by Commodore Augustus Keppel, describing British peace negotiations with Tunis and Tripoli and the signing of a treaty on October 21, 1751, (Box 297/1/2) and incoming correspondence on a variety of topics from William Dowdeswell, George Sackville-Germain, George Younge, William Shirley, Edmund Burke, Wellbore Ellis, George Macaulay, Edward Walpole, Henry Pelham-Clinton (3rd Duke of Newcastle), and John Stuart, (3rd Earl Bute). A separate volume includes correspondence sent from Charles Townshend to Dr. Richard Brocklesby between 1763 and 1765, including personal reflections on political affairs, reactions to events and key figures, comments about publications and public opinion, and more.

Legal Papers

The collection also contains scattered documents relating to legal issues and court cases in the late-18th century. The box marked 8/5 contains accounts of the court cases of the following parties, heard before the House of Lords and the Commissioners of Appeals in 1760: Francis Watkins; Francis Dalby; the Proprietors of Sulbrave, Northamptonshire; the Pennsylvania Land Company; a group of London fishmongers; and John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury. Also represented are several cases concerning prizes captured by Dutchmen (8/5). Other legal papers include those relating to Townshend's wife, Caroline, 1st Baroness Greenwich, which span 1754 to 1789 and are located in Box 298, and documents concerning Samuel Waldo and his service in the Siege of Louisburg (8/24/a).

Other Documents

The Charles Townshend papers contain numerous documents gathered by Townshend for his own information or created by him during the process of policymaking. These include many items relating to North America, including reports on trade, military matters, the characteristics and features of various regions, and debates on British policies. Among the military-related topics addressed are recruitment for the British army in North America in the years 1753-1763 (8/22), expenses of maintaining a force in North America for 1765-1766 (8/28), the cost of maintaining various British forts (8/31), and the debate over foreign officers' commissions in America in 1756 (8/4). Other items concern trade between North America and Great Britain; this includes a 1761 memorandum on the prevalence of smuggling in Boston (297), information on Newfoundland fisheries (8/4 and 299), and notes on the importation of iron bar from America (299). A group of undated documents relate to the settlement of East and West Florida (8/34) and the expenses related to the settlement of East Florida by Greeks (297/4/5). Box 8/31 contains Townshend's own notes on his proposal to impose new duties on salt, wine, oil, fruit, glass, tea, sugar, molasses, china, and paper. A draft of the Townshend Duties is also included in the papers.

Other documents in the collection concern a variety of British political matters, such as contested 1754 English parliamentary elections (8/32), estimates of the strength of several parties in the House of Commons (8/42), and proceedings against John Wilkes in the House of Commons (296). The collection also includes Townshend notes for his speeches opposing the Marriage Act (298), and documents concerning his election to Parliament for Great Yarmouth in 1754 and 1756 (8/52).

Additional scattered papers relate to world trade and matters of the British Treasury. A substantial amount of material concerns the East India Company, including debates on the taxation of tea, memoranda concerning precedents for government intervention in East India Company matters, and Townshend's 1766 notes on a bill concerning East India, all of which are located in the Bowhill Box. Box 298 contains many lists and statistics on British imports and exports abroad, particularly to the North American colonies. Other documents pertain to the British manufacture of earthenware and china, the coal trade (8/40), and trade with Africa, including the activities of the Committee on African trade in 1752-1754 (297/5/3).

This collection primarily consists of correspondence of U.S. diplomat Christopher Hughes; his twin sister Peggy Hughes Moore; his in-laws the Moore family; his spouse Laura Smith Hughes (1792-1832); their daughter Margaret Smith Hughes Kennedy (1819-1884); and Anthony Kennedy (1810-1892), his son-in-law. The papers largely date between the War of 1812 and the U.S. War with Mexico. Christopher Hughes corresponded with U.S. Presidents, Secretaries of State, and a large circle of friends and family on both sides of the Atlantic. The papers reflect American diplomatic policy in Europe after the War of 1812, particularly in Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, and France. They also present the lives and experiences of the social and personal lives of women and children who traveled as part of the duties of an American diplomat.

This collection primarily consists of correspondence of U.S. diplomat Christopher Hughes; his twin sister Peggy Hughes Moore; his in-laws the Moore family; his spouse Laura Smith Hughes (1792-1832); their daughter Margaret Smith Hughes Kennedy (1819-1884); and Anthony Kennedy (1810-1892), his son-in-law. The papers largely date between the War of 1812 and the U.S. War with Mexico. Christopher Hughes corresponded with U.S. Presidents, Secretaries of State, and a large circle of friends and family on both sides of the Atlantic. The papers reflect American diplomatic policy in Europe after the War of 1812, particularly in Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, and France. They also present the lives and experiences of the social and personal lives of women and children who traveled as part of the duties of an American chargé d'affaires.

The papers also include financial papers, military documents, property documentation, materials related to the San Pedro Company, writings, poetry, sketches, photographs, ephemera, and other printed items. Among the writings is an 1840 account of a visit by Christopher Hughes to physician Fru Jansen at Catherineberg for health care; 1842 travel writing by Margaret Hughes; and manuscript and printed poetry, including dinner toasts, a valentine poem, an acrostic on Margaret's name, translations, and more.

Other selected items include pencil sketches of four of the five peace commissioners at the Treaty of Ghent negotiations in Belgium, by Dutch artist P. van Huffel, January 1815. The portraits include John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and Christopher Hughes (as secretary of the delegation). A lithographed portrait of Christopher Hughes, by Jean Baptiste Madou, from 1829 is also present in the collection's oversize materials, with a lithograph image of "le capitole a Washington" below the portrait of Hughes. It features an autograph presentation from Christopher Hughes to Prince Henry of the Netherlands, July 12, 1845. A group of 24 photographs from the early 1930s depict the grave of Laura Smith Hughes (1795-1832) and the church where she was buried, Bromme Church in Akershof, near Stockholm, Sweden, and a variety of other people and places.

Please see the Christopher Hughes Indices and Notes for an index of letter writers and inventories of non-correspondence materials.